1608-48+30+Years+War

Meg & Abby

30 Years' War || -struggle b/w militant Catholicism and Calvinism -dynastic struggles -- Charles V divided empire b/w sons -Protestant Union and Catholic League in Germany -HRE wished to consolidate their authority -- experienced resistance from Germany who looked to France; so looked to Spain for help -geo-political (France supporting Sweden) and economic -eventually all this tension erupted in violence --a great war of Europe || -Bohemian phase: Bohemian states crowned Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand (Catholic) as king; many nobles = Calvinist, so they rebelled -- defenestration of Prague rebels seized control of Bohemia and elected Frederick V Battle of White Mtn. -- Maximilan of Bavaria and Catholic League fought back, defeating nobles -Danish phase: (France concerned w/Catholic hegemony) King Christian IV of Denmark (Lutheran) led army into Germany to intervene in conflict (and gain territory); imperial forces were strong, defeated Danes; Frederck II issued Edict of Restitution (prohibited Calvinism) -Swedish phase: France provided financial support to Swedish king b/c disliked Habsburg power; Swedish army swept imperial forces out of Germany; Gustavus (king of Sweden) was eventually killed in battle; imperial army defeated Swedes and drove them out of Germany -Franco-Swedish phase: Catholic French supported Protestant Swedes against Catholic Habsburgs of Germany and Spain (Reason of State); Battle of Rocroi in 1643, French defeated Spain, then Bavarian armies in south Germany; Peace of Pyrenees in 1659 ended conflict -Peace of Westphalia, 1648 || Short term: -Habsburg authority over Germany diminshed--exposed vulnerability of German lands -Spain=second-class power -France=dominant power in Europe -Peace of Westphalia--all German states free to determine their own religion Long term: -brought an end to HRE as political entity -ensured German disunity for another 200 years -religion and politics=separate worlds (Reason of State) -states work together to maintain balance of power || Religious: Calvinism finally recognized as co-equal w/Catholicism and Lutheranism; still, Catholic claims were lost -religion and politics became separate worlds--religion lost some of its political influence -reason of state and secular political motives came into being -diplomats began discussing issues in a secular view -checkmate to Counter Reformation ||
 * **Event & Dates** || **Major Causes** || **Key Events** || **Key Outcomes for Analysis** || **Interesting POV's to consider** ||
 * 1608-1648